Social Drivers of Flood Vulnerability: Understanding Household Perspectives and Persistence of Living in Flood Zones of Metro Manila, Philippines

Urban populations, especially vulnerable communities, are facing increasing flood risks due to the rising frequency of floods caused by climate change and rapid growth. Effective mitigation requires moving beyond physical and environmental approaches to embrace social dimensions. This study examined the prevailing social drivers of floods in flood-prone communities in Metro Manila, Philippines using social data acquired through a door-to-door household survey. Responses were assessed using exploratory and combined qualitative and quantitative analyses. The findings of this study show that the decision to remain in flood-prone areas is influenced by attachment to homes and acclimatization to the environment, convenience of accessible amenities to fulfill basic needs, livelihood dependence, economic considerations, house ownership, and perceived safety from floods. When choosing a place to live, the complex tradeoffs of residents are reflected, wherein daily economic concerns outweigh the possible flood damage. By understanding the social drivers of residency, policymakers and community leaders can develop targeted interventions and formulate strategies to address the root causes of the problem, leading to effective interventions and enhancing the resilience of urban communities.